AIS and MIS Comparison

AIS and MIS Comparison Quickly talk about the distinction among AIS and MIS.  â MIS and AIS are all PC based data frameworks that are exceptionally useful for any associations to keep records accurately and settle on the correct choice for the tasks. They are two diverse fundamental framework is an association. The significant contrast is AIS and MIS give assorted data to the association by various exchanges. AIS subsystems preparing by budgetary exchanges which are fiscal exchanges influence resources and value, appeared on the records. While it likewise process nonfinancial exchanges that legitimately influence the handling of monetary exchanges. (p.7) According to the figure 1-2, those exchanges and cycles under AIS are about monetary occasion convert to money related exchanges and communicated as numbers or figures in the records. For example, sold inventories, this development will cause the income and value figures changed on accounts. These sorts of changes will likewise influence the GL and MRS to give data opportune changed. In another hand if the client account detail changed which is nonfinancial exchange prepared by AIS, The MIS forms nonfinancial exchanges that are not regularly handled by customary AIS. (p.7)â the association ordinarily has numerous offices, for example, creation arranging, stock stockroom arranging, statistical surveying, etc. MIS is to enable those various zones to work ordinarily and give data to assist dynamic. Another significant distinction is AIS and MIS give data to various gatherings. AIS are giving the data to interior clients as well as for the outside clients, for example, providers, clients and examiners, etc. Particularly for the inspectors, AIS is help to give accurately and lawfully data. MIS is basically giving data to inside clients, for example, the supervisory crew of the association. Taking everything into account, AIS and MIS give diverse data through various exchanges to various gatherings. Be that as it may, there are likewise associations among AIS and MIS. AIS likewise give the monetary data to the MIS. Some development in MIS is additionally influencing AIS. AIS and MIS are extremely significant framework to any association. Quickly examine the attributes of data with regards to bookkeeping data framework. Data is can be characterized as prepared information and can assist client with taking further activities or settle on further choices. (p.10). The attributes of data in AIS incorporate significance, idealness, precision, fulfillment, and outline. (p.12) Significance implies pertinent data for a particular motivation behind the undertaking or help director to do assist choice. For instance, the principle motivation behind a receipt is let client pay the perfect sum and comprehend what they purchased. Along these lines the receipt shows the sum that client should pay, and furthermore shows the item name, code which client purchased. Practicality implies give ideal data. For example, if an announcement shows pay it inside 15 days will get a 2% rebate, in the event that they get this announcement and data inside 15 days, that will be helpful, in any case will lose the estimation of this data. Exactness implies maintain a strategic distance from to furnish data with significant blunders. For instance, if a monetary record shows the absolute resource is $100000, however the real sum ought to be $90000, this mistake may cause the client settle on poor choices. It could be cause by an information mistakes or procedure blunder. At times, we need to surrender the totally exact to give convenient data, in this way framework creator need make balance among precision and idealness. Culmination means ought to incorporate all the basic data for dynamic or every day assignments. For instance, a pay proclamation ought to incorporate the count of the benefit or misfortune, and must be plainly demonstrating the figures. Outline implies the data ought to summed up as the client needs. As the higher administration, the more summed up data is required. Others, the autonomous of the data which implies the bookkeeping exercises must be isolated and free from physical assets the executives and conservation. Taking everything into account, pertinence, practicality, precision, fulfillment, and synopsis are critical to acquire dependable data to the client. Unwavering quality can decide the estimation of the data. (p.16) If follow those trademark, data will be dependable and gives greatest incentive to the client. When creating, or choosing a bookkeeping framework, distinguish who ought to be included and the commitment that they bring to the procedure. Associations typically get the bookkeeping framework through two different ways, self-creating and buy or lease business programming. To create or choosing a bookkeeping framework, we need somebody who comprehend bookkeeping information which is bookkeeper, and somebody who comprehend the database and system which is IT experts. Bookkeeper and IT experts are on the whole assumes significant jobs. Be that as it may, they have various commitments bring to the procedure. Bookkeeper as a space master is an exceptionally crucial job. They give proficient bookkeeping idea and edge to the framework. For example, set bookkeeping process rules, revealing prerequisites, and assemble the inner control objectives. (p.20) For instance, various clients have diverse installment terms, deals division or credit office for some business need the reprobate records data from the AR office. This data will support the deals or credit division settle on a further choice to hold the deals of the client or not. Bookkeeper need set the standard to distinguish reprobate client account for this situation. They may set a credit sum for each client and the framework may show a message once over the sum or hold the records until they pay off. Bookkeeper need decide the idea of the necessary data, its source, goal and the need of bookkeeping rules.(p.20) Bookkeeper as a framework reviewer is likewise a significant job for creating or choosing the bookkeeping framework. Some open bookkeeping firm can give warning help of data framework structure and usage, and inside control appraisals for consistence with SOX. (p.21) despite the fact that the bookkeeping firm could utilize their examiner ideas for the warning assistance, they couldn't be the genuine reviewer to the organization, it is no an incentive to the association and it is illicit under SOX enactment. IT experts are liable for the foundation of genuine physical framework. The physical framework incorporates the database and programming for compute and present data. IT experts need guarantee to assemble the bookkeeping framework work proficiently. They likewise assume a significant job for the test and upkeep of the bookkeeping framework. When the framework is chosen or improvement is finished, they will require doing test and if any blunders they need fixed the mistakes. Framework requires consistent upkeep and fix to guarantee the exactness of data. Bookkeeper and IT experts need cooperate when creating or choosing a bookkeeping framework. They are on the whole basic. Characterize misrepresentation and distinguish and examine three unique guides to delineate how it might emerge in the work environment. For each situation show a methodology that might be utilized to alleviate its effect or event. Quickly clarify the COSO inside control structure. The COSO inside control structure is given by Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. (p.116) It is suggested by SEC1, likewise is the general structure of inward control assessment standard. The COSO structure characterizes interior control is influenced by corporate top managerial staff, the board and other work force, so as to accomplish operational viability and productivity, monetary report unwavering quality, the consistence of the significant guidelines and different destinations to give a sensible assurance process. We can clarify it from 5 distinct perspectives, the control condition, chance evaluation, data and correspondence, checking, and control exercises. (p.116) Control condition is the central key of the association, it legitimately influence the control awareness of the staffs. It incorporate the uprightness of the staff, proficient morals and association structure; the executives of the business theory and the executives style; top managerial staff or the review panel of the oversight and direction; the distribution of power and obligation; the strategies for execution assessment and HR strategy. à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ p.116à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °It can be said that individuals and their exercises are the center of big business, is the significant factor of inner control condition, it interfaces with condition. Hazard appraisal is to recognize and examine the applicable dangers to accomplish the built up objectives; it is the premise of hazard the board. Every endeavor is confronted with a ton of interior and outer dangers, influencing the acknowledgment of business objectives, for example, the progressions of the working condition, new staffs, the utilization of new framework or new innovation, new item presentation, entre into a remote market or practice of new bookkeeping rules, etc. It is important to recognize, examine and deal with those dangers that influence the accomplishment of the objective and oversee them in ideal way. (p.118) Data and correspondence implies that the data required for business the board must be distinguished, acquired and conveyed in a specific structure in an ideal way with the goal that the worker can play out their obligations. The bookkeeping data incorporates inside produced data, yet in addition outside data identified with business dynamic and outer revealing. It is significant for a bookkeeping data framework whether the data is handled opportune and precisely. The examiner needs to comprehend the exchanges, bookkeeping record, exchange preparing step

Lexicalization Definition and Examples

Lexicalization Definition and Examples ...Lexicalization is the way toward making a word to communicate an idea. Action word: lexicalize. Here are a few models and perceptions from specialists and different authors: Models and Observations The OED (1989) characterizes lexicalize (1) as to acknowledge into the dictionary, or jargon, of a language, and lexicalization as the activity or procedure of lexicalizing. In this sense straightforward and complex words, local just as loanwords can be lexicalized. Consequently, Lyons (1968:352) says that the relationship of the transitive (and causative) idea of to make somebody bite the dust is communicated by a different word, to murder (somebody). Characteristic et al. (1985:1525f.) confine lexicalization to words shaped by word-arrangement forms, clarifying it as the way toward making another word (a complex lexical thing) for (another) thing or thought as opposed to depicting this thing or idea in a sentence or with a summarization. The utilization of words is more practical in light of the fact that they are shorter than the relating (fundamental) sentences or rewords, and in light of the fact that they can be all the more effortlessly utilized as components of sentences. Alo ng these lines one doesn't state somebody who composes a book [...] for another person, who at that point frequently imagines it is their own work, one says professional writer rather . . ..(Hans Sauer, Lexicalization and Demotivation. Morphology: An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Christian Lehmann, G. E. Booij, Joachim Mugdan, and Wolfgang Kesselheim. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) Lexicalization and Idioms In spite of a specific absence of agreement about the significance of phrase, the recognizable proof of lexicalization with idiomatization is across the board . . .. Without a doubt, as indicated by Lehmann (2002:14) idiomatization IS lexicalization in the feeling of coming to have a place with a stock, and Moreno Cabrera (1998:214) focuses to phrases as the best instances of lexicalization. Lipka (1992:97) refers to models, for example, wheelchair, pushchair, and trousersuit, which have explicit and erratic implications. Bussmann [1996] believes idiomatization to be the diachronic component of lexicalization, which happens when the first importance can never again be reasoned from its individual components or the first inspiration of [a] unit must be remade through chronicled information, as on account of neighbor, cabinet, or mincemeat...Bauer recognizes a subtype of lexicalization which he calls semantic lexicalization (1983:55-59), instancing mixes, for example, shakedown, mincem eat, townhouse, and butterfly or subsidiaries, for example, uneasy, gospel, and overseer which need semantic compositionality (in light of the fact that semantic data has been either included or deducted). Antilla (1989 [1972]:151) illustrates models, for example, sweetmeat, nutmeat, Holy Ghost soul, widows weeds garments, and fishwife, which are morphologically straightforward yet semantically hazy as occurrences of lexicalization. (Tree J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Lexicalization And Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 2005) It is imperative to note, notwithstanding, that idiomatization is just a single part of lexicalization, which is the reason the two terms ought not be utilized conversely (as is here and there the case). Or maybe lexicalization must be viewed as the spread term for a scope of wonders, semantic and non-semantic. Bauer (1983: 49) likewise stresses that obscurity is certainly not a fundamental pre-essential for lexicalization since [s]ome lexicalized structures [...] may remain superbly straightforward, for example warmthwhich must be viewed as lexicalized on the grounds that the postfix - th can't be added synchronically to a modifier to give a noun.(Peter Hohenhaus, Lexicalization and Institutionalization. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã… tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005) Elocution: lek-si-ke-le-ZAY-disregard Exchange Spellings: lexicalisation

Overview of Classifications of Bipolar Disorder

Overview of Classifications of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Print Why Are There so Many Classifications of Bipolar Disorder? By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on July 20, 2017 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Tom Merton / Getty Images When evaluating symptoms and giving names to bipolar disorderâ€"also called manic depressionâ€"and bipolar disorders many subsets, there are no absolutes. In their book, We Heard the Angels of Madness, authors Diane and Lisa Berger describe bipolar disorder as a virulent disorder with many faces and liken it to the multi-headed Hydra of Greek mythology. Just as the Hydra sprouted several new heads for each one slain, researchers and clinicians find that for each new fact learned about bipolar disorder, more questions are raised. Symptoms are different from one person to the next. The severity of symptoms also differs. Facets of personalities combine to create additional faces of the monster. Thus, researchers, clinicians, and practitioners face a wide array of challenges in order to codify each diagnosis. In response, classification systems, subsets, and specifiers have been developed in an attempt to standardize the diagnostic process. In the United States, the primary system is the one found in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders also known as the DSM-IV. This classification system organizes the mood disorders under the heading of Clinical Disorders (Axis I). DSM-IV Listing - Mood Disorders Depressive DisordersDysthymic DisorderMajor Depressive DisorderBipolar DisordersBipolar Disorder IBipolar Disorder IICyclothymic DisorderMood Disorder Due to a General Medical ConditionSubstance-Induced Mood Disorder To each of the above disorders, any of a number of specifiers (e.g., with seasonal pattern, with catatonic features, first episode manic, etc.) can be added to clarify the severity or course of the disorder for an individual patient. The International system is the ICD-10, The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision. The ICD-10 provides a structure of families or related disorders and breaks them down initially into many more categories than does the DSM-IV. Bipolar disorder is within the family of mood (affective) disorders. ICD-10 Listing - Mood Disorders Manic EpisodeHypomaniaMania without psychotic symptomsMania with psychotic symptomsOther manic episodesManic episode, unspecifiedBipolar Affective DisorderCurrent episode hypomanicCurrent episode manic without psychotic symptomsCurrent episode manic with psychotic symptomsCurrent episode mild or moderate depressionCurrent episode severe depression without psychotic symptomsCurrent episode severe depression with psychotic symptomsCurrent episode mixedCurrently in remissionOther bipolar affective disordersBipolar affective disorder, unspecifiedDepressive EpisodeMild depressive episodeModerate depressive episodeSevere depressive episode without psychotic symptomsSevere depressive episode with psychotic symptomsOther depressive episodesDepressive episode, unspecifiedRecurrent Depressive DisorderCurrent episode mildCurrent episode moderateCurrent episode severe without psychotic symptomsCurrent episode severe with psychotic symptomsCurrently in remissionOther recurrent depressive disorder sUnspecifiedPersistent Mood [Affective] DisordersCyclothymiaDysthymiaOther persistent mood [affective] disordersUnspecifiedOther Mood [Affective] DisordersUnspecified Mood [Affective] Disorder In addition to the two formally recognized diagnostic classifications outlined above, there are quite a few other descriptive systems to be found in the literature. Many of these have been developed by researchers for specific projects or presented as possible alternatives as more is learned about these disorders. One such classification system is that of Young and Klerman who distinguish between six subtypes of manic depression. Young and Klerman Subtypes Bipolar I - Mania and Major DepressionBipolar II - Hypomania and Major DepressionBipolar III - CyclothymiaBipolar IV - Antidepressant-Induced Hypo/maniaBipolar V - Major Depression with a family history of Bipolar DisorderBipolar VI - Unipolar Mania

Target Population Free Essay Example, 750 words

Demographic Paper Number and Number Number of Words: 769 Target Population Target population that will be considered in this report is New York. Data about the Target Population The total population in New York as of 2010 was 19,378,102 which represents 6.27% of U. S. total population (U. S. Census Bureau, 2011). Dominated by women with 51.4%, the population change rate in New York is 2.1% which is 7.6% slower than the population change in the United States (ibid). This explains why children below the age of 5 years old is composed of only 6.3% of its entire population. Chart I – Target Population Summary Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 With regards to educational attainment, only 31.8% of the entire population holds a Bachelor’s degree or higher among individuals above the age of 25 years old whereas majority with 84.2% of them were able to complete high school requirements (U. S. Census Bureau, 2011). As of July 2011, unemployment rate in New York was 8.0% (New York State Department of Labor, 2011). General Effects of Demographic Changes on Health Care Market and Impact of Changing Demographics on Health Care Although the unemployment rate in New York dropped 0.6% from 8.6% in July 2010 to 8.0% in July 2011 (New York State Department of Labor, 2011), this figure is still considered high. We will write a custom essay sample on Target Population or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In general, the money use in maintaining the quality of health care services in the market usually comes from the collected taxes. If the ageing population in New York exceeds the young generation (below 5 y/o), it means that the state is at risk of facing serious problems with regards to the sources of health care funding 20 years from now. Based on the demographic profile of New York, majority with 58% of its population belongs to the age bracket of 18 – 64 year old whereas only 23% of its population today will be ready to join the NY workforce (U. S. Census Bureau, 2011). Say 10 – 20 years from now, the number of elderly individuals in New York will significant increase. Thus, increasing demand for health care services. Given the potential limited sources of funding, the demographic profile of New York strongly suggests that its government officials need to start finding solution to this problem. Two Key Health Care-Related Changes in this Population Through Medicaid expansion, president Obama signed a legislation back on the 23rd of March 2010 which clearly states the need to change the nation’s health care system which could make it easier for more than 10 million Americans to have a ready access for medical insurance (The New York Times, 2011). Under the said legislation, Medicare will give seniors the benefit to have free preventive care, post-hospital care, tax-free health savings account, and rebates to consumers starting on 2012 (Kavilanz, 2011). A state program in New York called â€Å"EPIC† which enables the seniors pay their prescription drugs through secondary coverage. Basically, eligible applicants for EPIC includes individuals more than 65 years old who are earning less than US$35,000 (single) and US$50,000 (married) (New York Departmetn of Health, 2011a). Through this program, elderly individuals in New York are able to enjoy as much as 90% saving on the cost of their prescription medicines. In response to Obama’s health legislation, the income bracket eligible for EPIC’s Part D premium assistance will be increased from $20,000 to $23,000 (single) and $26,000 to $29,000 (married) starting on 1st of July 2011 (New York Department of Health, 2011b), Furthermore, application for EPIC will be free starting the 1st of January 2012 (ibid). How a Chronic Disease Wellness Program affect the Cost of Health Care Services The presence of chronic diseases costs roughly $2 trillion on medical care insurance. In general, a chronic disease wellness program aims to prevent the incidence of chronic diseases by extending health care teachings in school, work environment, healthcare institutions, and community (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2011). Through a continuous promotion of health teachings, a chronic disease wellness program could help reduce the cost of health care services in the long-run. Strategic Ways on How the Community Can Address these Conditions Regardless of age, gender, race and socio-economic status, people in New York should start supporting the development of a chronic disease prevention and health promotion. By making it a habit to live a healthy lifestyle, New Yorkers will be able to help keep the cost of health care services down. In the case of illegal immigrants, the community can help address the health care related problems by reporting them to the authorities. Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes which should be contributing to the fund available to maintain the quality of health care services in New York. *** End *** References Kavilanz, P. (2011, March 3). CNN Money. Retrieved August 28, 2011, from Health care: Big change in drug costs for seniors: http: //money. cnn. com/2011/03/03/news/economy/health_care_reform_changes/index. htm National Conference of State Legislatures. (2011, March). Retrieved August 28, 2011, from Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: http: //www. ncsl. org/default. aspx? tabid=14507 New York Department of Health. (2011b). Retrieved August 28, 2011, from Executive Budget Changes - EPIC - SFY 2011-2012 - Key Points & Additional FAQs: http: //www. health. state. ny. us/health_care/epic/2011-12_key_points_and_faq. htm New York Departmetn of Health. (2011a). Retrieved August 28, 2011, from Elderly Pharmaceutical Insurance Coverage (EPIC) Program: http: //www. health. state. ny. us/health_care/epic/ New York State Department of Labor. (2011, August 23). Retrieved August 29, 2011, from State Labor Department Releases July 2011 Area Unemployment Rates: http: //www. labor. ny. gov/stats/pressreleases/prlaus. shtm The New York Times. (2011, August 12). Retrieved August 28, 2011, from Health Care Reform: http: //topics. nytimes. com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/health_insurance_and_managed_care/health_care_reform/index. html U. S. Census Bureau. (2011). Retrieved August 29, 2011, from New York: http: //quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/36000.html

Alternative Methods to Prison Sentencing in Britain Essay

More and more people in Britain are being sentenced to jail time: this is a fact. In 2004, there are currently over eighty thousand inmates.[1] (Peter Reydt, 2004 / Scottish Executive, 2003) Crime is on the increase but our prisons are already overcrowded. Consequently, new prisons will be required to accommodate prisoners. Where will the money come from to pay for the construction of new prisons? Will they have a sufficient rehabilitation programs in place? The prison system is obviously failing because it is not acting as a deterrent. Clearly we should now be examining why the system is failing and possible alternatives to prison. What should these alternatives be? Would they work and would they†¦show more content†¦Consequently, all this toughening up on crime just seemed to be adding more and more numbers to the prison population. Jack Straw, the Home Secretary of the time, wanted to increase the use of electronic tagging to try and help ease the numbers entering prison but, on the other hand, he wanted to toughen up sentencing for offenders he described as the worst anti-social crimes such as burglary[5](Cascianni, 2002). This appears that Jack Straw was trying to decrease the prison population but at the same time increase it - a rather contradictory message. Since David Blunketts hard line speeches in 2002, the Howard League for Penal Reform who have been monitoring the prison numbers since 2001, noticed that the actual number of people being sent to prison had been constant until he started making tough speeches about crime and punishment. Since then, up to 500 more people per week have been sentenced to prison - a huge number and a huge burden on the prison service. Because of these increases being placed on the prison population, there is now more of a financial burden on the taxpayer. To keep an offender in prison for just one year, it will cost in excess of thirty seven thousand pounds whereas it would only cost around two thousand pounds to place an offender on a community punishment order (PeterShow MoreRelatedThe Need for Prisons in Britain Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesThe Need for Prisons in Britain The prison population in England and Wales currently stands at 71,800. According to the Home Office estimate this figure is projected to rise to 83,500 by 2008. Similarly in Scotland, which has a separate legal system and its own private service, there are similar pressures. Prisons can be successful in their four aims: retribution, protection, deterrence and rehabilitation. Reconviction rates are at a substantial low, but is that enoughRead MoreSociological Perspective Of Punishment Is Economic Determinism And Class Interest1459 Words   |  6 Pagessee punishment in relation to the economic structure of society in which it takes place and to the class system, which as a result it promotes by penal practices and ideologies. In other words, the labour market has an impact on the choice of penal methods, and punishment serves the interest of the dominant class. Following from this Rusche and Kircheimer attempted to show that the penal practices in any society is directly linked to the mode of production, they highlighted that a shift from slaveryRead MoreThe Capital Punishment Is Important For Consideration Is Intergovernmental Relations1423 Words   |  6 Pagesto death. The death penalty laws date back to the Eighteenth Century B.C. Death sentences were carried out by crucifixion, drowning, beating, burning, and impalement. 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This did not last, for in the Sixteenth Century, under the reign of Henry VIII, as manyRead MoreThe Punishment Mechanisms Of Probation And Parole Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesThe punishment mechanisms of probation and parole developed from different social circumstances, which were driven by the need for alternative means to imprisonment. The creation of the mechanisms for probation can be linked to the moral panic caused by the excess consumption of alcohol and the increased amount of alcohol-related offences. In contrast, the development of parole was the result of the systems at t he time, failing to deliver the expected results. This essay will outline the differentRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty2027 Words   |  9 PagesHammurabi in Babylon. The first recorded death penalty case took place in the 16th century BC where a man was sentenced to death for his alleged use of magic. The death penalty in the United States was influenced by Britain power over the original thirteen colonies. In the 1700’s, Britain had two hundred and twenty-two crimes that could be punished by death. The first legal execution in the United States took place in Virginia in 1622 where the defendant was put to death for theft (PBS). The first stateRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not The Most Effective Form Of Punishment1824 Words   |  8 Pagesever being allowed back on the streets to commit further crimes. The death penalty is a preferred method of punishment because it is permanent; however, it should be avoided because it is permanent. There is too much of a p ossibility that an innocent person could be executed for a crime that they did not commit. An execution cannot be undone. Studies have also shown that the death penalty is a biased method of punishment because disadvantaged people, such as minorities and people of lower social status

The Conflict Between Great Britain and the North American...

â€Å"Despite the view of some historians that the conflict between Great Britain and its thirteen North American colonies was economic in origin, in fact the American Revolution had its roots in politics and other areas of American life.† Great Britain and the American colonies had a relationship impacted with many hardships. I believe that there was a political struggle between the two groups, but that Great Britain and the American colonies used economics as a chance to show how much control they had. Multiple Acts written by Parliament, the colonies Committees of Correspondence and Continental Congress created political friction between Great Britain and the American colonies. One example of the power struggle was the arguments over†¦show more content†¦They created a political separation because they were a threat to England. They intentionally gathered and planned to try and change the way England controlled America. The Committees of Correspondence focused on creating propaganda around issues involving Great Britain. They stirred up resistance against England and helped encourage the population to turn on their mother country. They had multiple groups in the nation, one main organization per state, and the groups exchanged ideas with each other. Not only did it create separation and tension between Britain and the colonies by making propaganda, but it was a way for the very separate and independent-feeling states to work together and form an alliance just strong enough to go up against England in the upcoming years during the revolution. Another event that shows that the separation was more than economic, was the Continental Congress of 1774. This was not aimed towards a total rebellion and revolution, but towards an attempt to seal the cracks that had begun to spread between England and the American colonies. 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The development of America was birth through the merger of the Colonial era and the American Revolution and it struggled, as it grew up, first in its rough expansion west then inRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War And Defeat Great Britain852 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, one of the most historical events in its time period and now. We as Americans represent this event in celebrating Independence Day. On July 4th of every year Americans celebrate the departure and independence we obtained from Great Britain. It was the British who controlled and basically owned the Thirteen Colonies of North America in which we now know as the United States. 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Many of these events have shaped the United States, and I think a key factor in how the United States works today resulted from the American Revolution. The American Revolution did not just affect North America, but also the world when it brought a strong superpower into the image. AlthoughRead MoreConflict Between Great Britain And The British Colonies843 Words   |  4 PagesS History June 1, 2015 Conflict between Great Britain and the British Colonies On a quest to expand their empire, Great Britain tried to colonize any land they could find. The British settlements established on the east coast of North America include Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island, and were founded between 1607 and 1732. 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Auguste Rodin Essay Example For Students

Auguste Rodin Essay Like some artists, Rodin was not an overnight success. Even though he was rejected numerous times from art schools because of his art style, he prevailed in the end. Rodin, like many artists, got their inspiration from other great and famous artists. In Rodins case, his inspiration came from Michelangelo. In Rodins more famous works, one can see the similarities between the two artists artwork. Rodins parents were not wealthy, therefore, he was not able to attend an art school of his choice. His father, however, did send him to Petite cole, a training ground for commercial draftsman and practicienscutters and finishers of work in stone (Hale 38). At theage of seventeen, Rodin won his first prize for a clay model and he came in second place for one of his drawings. His teachers at Petite cole encouraged him to try for the Grande cole des Beaux-Arts (Hale 39). He applied, but was not accepted. Not giving up hope, Rodin appliedtwo more times, but was rejected. Determined to make a living, he worked for a large commercial designer. It was there, that he created numerous objects with his hands; anything from masks of gods to cupids. This is where he began to see that he had a future in what he loved the most, art. Even though Rodin was an artist, his career did not take off so soon. When he was 22, his sister Maria died. He anguished so much over her death that he decided to leave his art. He quit everything and decided to enter the Order of the Fathers of the Very Holy Sacrament. While living in the monastery, Rodin confided in Father Eymard, and he was the one that told Rodin to continue sculpting and not to give up. Rodin eventually realized that religion was not his calling and once he had enough money saved up, he moved into his first studio. From that point on, he was fully committed to his artwork. Rodin said that it was so cold in his studio, (he could not afford to have heat) that he would wake up and see parts of his sculptures on the floor. Since I didnt have the money to have them cast, each day I lost precious time coveringmy clay with wet cloths. Despite that, at every turn I had accidents from the effects of the cold and heat. Entire sections detached themselvesheads, arms, kne es, chunks of torso fell off; I found them in pieces on the tiles that covered the floor You could not believe what I lost in that way (Hale 42). In 1864, Rodin created a masterpiece, something that would change his life forever. He created The Man with the Broken Nose, and with the new creation he said, It determined all my future work (Hale 43). The new sculpture was not found to be worth anything after Rodin tried to enter it in the Salon. So, he took it back home and placed it in a corner for numerous years. One day, one of Rodins students saw the lonely bust and asked if he could borrow it to make copy. Rodin did not refuse and when the student, Jules Desbois took it to his classmates at the Grande cole, they were astounded. All of Desboiss classmates stood around with amazement, all asking who created such an antique (meaning that is was old, in a sense of not being used or displayed) masterpiece. Desbois said, The man who made it, whose name is Rodin, failed three times to enter the school, and the work you take to be antique was refused by the Salon' (Hale 45). In 1866, Rose, his girlfriend, gave birth to a baby boy. H e soon had a job with one of the best employers around, Carrier-Belleuse. There, he was a draftsman, molder, finisher and a caster. He eventually left because he had all the money that he claimed he needed. In 1870, he was called to serve in the National Guard, but was released because of his poor vision. By this time, there was no money and Rodin tried to call previous clients that could possibly want some decorating done. All ties were broken after he left the

The Goal free essay sample

Do you think that this is an operational methodology or a philosophy? Please explain. The Goal is a management-oriented novel that focuses on the concepts of systems management. The fictional novel focuses around Alex Rogo and the problems in his production plant. The plant is constantly behind schedule and unprofitable. Alex is given three months to turn things around or the plant will be shut down. The Goal introduces the â€Å"Theory of Constraints (TOC)† which is an overall management philosophy that adopts the idiom â€Å"A chain is no stronger than its weakest link†. This emphasizes how organizations and processes are vulnerable because that weakest link can always adversely impact and damage the company. The â€Å"goal† is to make money and anything that assists in doing this is productive, while anything that hinders this is a bottleneck. The Goal goes on to identify bottlenecks (constraints) in the manufacturing process and how identifying them helps reduce impact and allows for controlling the flow of materials. We will write a custom essay sample on The Goal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the main emphasis points throughout is the communication element. Whenever a problem arises the team discusses the problem amongst themselves to find a solution. The discussion process uses five steps to solve any problem: 1. Identify the system’s constraint 2. Decide how to exploit the system’s constraint 3. Subordinate everything else to the prior decisions 4. Elevate the system’s constraint 5. If, in the prior steps, the constraint has been broken, go back to step one. The line between an operational methodology and a philosophy in my opinion is not clear cut black and white. An operational methodology in certain instances can be well defined. Let’s start with a simple example of putting a computer together. The steps could be: †¢ Installing a motherboard †¢ Installing the Processor †¢ Installing the CPU Cooler †¢ †¦.. While not all computers contain the same parts or pieces, from an abstract layer all computers do require a standard set of pieces to run. This high level standard could be the operational methodology for assembling a PC. It would be tough to argue that this is a philosophy. Now if we are to get into more detail and begin discussing processor optimization, this could blur the lines of operational vs philosophy based on proven facts and research. The actual definition of philosophy as stated by Google is â€Å"A set of views and theories of a particular philosopher concerning such study or an aspect of it†. With that being said I do feel that The Goal is abstract enough to be considered an operational methodology. The thesis of The Goal is that the goal of an organization is to increase throughput while simultaneously reducing both inventory and operating expense. That statement can be applied to all businesses. All organizations have some constraints or bottlenecks. Lack of resources and/or resource allocation is one of the most common and challenging constraints organizations face. A good attempt to try and counter argue The Goal would be to look at one of the world’s most profitable companies in Apple. An initial thought might be what possible constraints could such a large and profitable company have. Apple recently set the records for the most valuable company in history with a net worth of $624 billion. However, this has not come without restraints or bottlenecks in the process. One of the major issues Apple has had for a while is in the manufacturing process. At multiple points in time Apple was having difficulties manufacturing enough iPhones to meet the demand. This of course was a constraint on the system and on the bottom line. More recently, Apple has come under fire about its worker treatment in some of its manufacturing plants in China. These constraints have major impacts on the business and Apple is constantly making an effort to identify them and streamline the process. If we can apply The Goal to the world’s most profitable company it seems safe to say that other companies in some shape or form will fall under this umbrella as well. [pic] Fig 1. 0 How to apply Constraint Management to a Production Facility? How about to a Bank? Assume that we can apply constraint management! A production facility seems like the classical example in terms of analyzing the Theory of Constraints. As time has evolved production facilities have become larger, more complicated and depend on technology more than ever. With that said, even the most advanced of processes have at least one constraint (Theory of Constraints principle) and that constraint must be properly managed. Following the 5 step process the first thing we need to do is identify the issues/constraints in the system. This is quite broad and can cover anything from issues with human capital down to bottlenecks in the shipping process. To correctly identify the issue or issues that are holding the facility back, the identification process must be extremely detail-oriented and thorough in the discovery process. Without this full scope analysis simple errors can occur which in turn will lead to unexpected or undesired results. The next steps would be to exploit and subordinate. Once we actually identify the constraint we have to turn the focus to how to get more production within our current capacity limitations. We have to be extremely careful when doing this as exploiting the constraint does not always ensure output on the other end. In today’s day and age one of the most important factors to look at is the technology behind the processes. The key question here in production facility is are we using the technology in our process flow to a maximum capacity. Can we revise our business process with the help of technology to maximize our output? Keep in mind, human capital can be considered part of the process inclusive of technology. A perfect case study in terms of identifying constraints from a broad (internet) perspective is seen in the world’s largest online retailer in Amazon. Amazon started as an online bookstore in 1994. Amazon soon exploited not only a constraint in their own company, but a constraint in sales as a whole. Amazon soon expanded from selling only books to selling electronics, dvds, cds, and the list continued to expand. By creating a one stop shop where a user can buy anything, they found a need in the market and created a monopoly. Studying Amazon’s warehousing and shipping practices further emphasizes their efficiency, but we will leave that detailed discussion for another time. In terms of applying constraint management to a bank, the first steps in a normal climate would to be to identify which department or area has the weakest link. However, the economy has recently gone through some of the toughest times in history and the landscape has changed significantly. Without understanding the climate and market we are currently in, we are bound to get erroneous results from our analysis phase. With the changing landscape also comes changing laws. Many of the fees that banks were once able to assess without monitoring have now been eliminated. This brings to light a major constraint in generating revenue. Banks now have to be more creative in how to generate the lost revenue from the elimination of many fees and interest rate hikes. Once again technology can be the focal point here. In the case of banks which store an abundance of data, technology can really help or hinder revenue generation. From the top down, the use of analyzing data through current technologies can help identify trends and opportunities that exist for optimization. This can be seen through investment opportunities, mortgage rate optimization and even SLA (Service Level Agreement) timeframes. Can we detect bottlenecks? When†¦ Yes †¦ and†¦ When †¦ Not? Explain this. When JIT is better than the Goal? A bottleneck in a process occurs when input comes in faster than the next step can use it to create output. Detecting these bottlenecks however can be very difficult.. When dealing with bottlenecks in a production line, the problem magnifies. The cause can be due to random events (random machine failure) or other changes. A random event failure example in the IT world is a â€Å"system out of memory exception†. This error is known to be a huge constraint at random times in overused systems. The issue with this error is that it happens at random times and thus reproducing can be almost impossible. Before finding the bottleneck the first thing you must do is define the goal of the system you are working on. Simply put, you can’t find the bottleneck if you have no end goal in sight. For most production operations this would be to make money. There are two main types of bottlenecks: [6] 1. Short-term bottlenecks  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ These are caused by temporary problems. A good example is when key team members become ill or go on vacation. No one else is qualified to take over their projects, which causes a backlog in their work until they return. 2. Long-term bottlenecks  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ These occur all the time. An example would be when a companys month-end reporting process is delayed every month, because one person has to complete a series of time-consuming tasks – and he cant even start until he has the final month-end figures. Identifinyg bottlenecks in production are normally easier to find than in a business process. In the production line you can identify which point has the most pile up or which process is taking the longest and pinpoint that process. However, in a business process there are many other factors to consider. As an example let’s consider a director at a software development team. The irector oversees the whole team and is trying to identify what bottlenecks occur in the development process. Let’s assume the team is made of four people. Three of the members are extremely talented however the fourth team member is not pulling his/her weight. You would assume this would come to light but what if the other team members constantly cover for the fourth member and pick up his slack. The work gets done, however production could be much higher if the fourth member was replaced with a more talented member. This bottleneck would be a tough one to detect and may go undetected for a long amount of time. For reasons like this, bottlenecks in a business processes can be very difficult to detect. The Just in Time philosophy is a stagey aimed at improving a business’s ROI by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. The JIT philosophy evolved out of the production lines of Toyota and Toyota became a competitive threat to the US in the automotive industry. [pic] Fig 2. 0 Just in Time model JIT/lean manufacturing is well suited to repetitive environments such as those for producing automobiles and consumer electronics; however, it is not a panacea for all production companies. 7] JIT is not well suited to the assembly or fabrication firms and also for small batch or job shop operations,. While the Goal focuses on defining the weakest link, JIT concentrates on inventory reduction and exposure of waste. In terms of a business process where human resources are part of the process there could be a common ground between the two theories. Again, consider a process where the weakest link is a team member. In this sense that team member unfortunately could be seen as the â€Å"waste† in that process. With that said it The Goal and TOC have significant contributions in sales, marketing and product development just to name a few. JIT has had a huge impact on other industries such as oil, which is almost purely supply and demand driven. Based on your Recipe (Question 2). Develop a plan to apply theory of constraints to the business case: â€Å"Paediatric Orthopaedic Clinic at the Childrens Hospital of Western Ontario†. By the way where is the Bottleneck in the case study! (to be uploaded – webcourses ucf – on September 7, 2012) The case study makes note of the surveys the customers were given which were written forms that 218 patients filled out. Based on those surveys key data points were introduced. To analyze utilization rates for job functions we divided the hours spent on the process by the total hours available for work from that worker. (Figure 3. 0) [pic] Fig 3. 0 Utilization Rates Going back to our main focus from question #2 in terms of technology, the case study does not give details in terms of the technology systems it uses or whether each department is using the same system. I think this would be an interesting aspect to look at. We are focusing on the process, but we not know the system dynamics behind this. Some interesting questions to ask which are not mentioned: †¢ Do the different departments have effective communication with each other through software? †¢ Are the notes being recorded and shared across all departments? †¢ What are some of the manual processes/ constraints that software could possible help expedite One of the biggest patient complaining points was that of losing money by missing work to take their child to the hospital. A simple but effective solution for that could be to change the hours of operation to either open very early or close very late so the adults can go during their off work hours. Purchasing additional equipment could also help if the clinic’s research shows that the lack of equipment is a constraint. Lastly, the bottlenecks in the process seem to revolve around the analysis of the wait times and the utilization rates. In The Radiology department the patient wait time at 58 minutes is almost double of any other wait time.

Discuss the Caretaker as A Comedy of Menace. Essay Example

Discuss the Caretaker as A Comedy of Menace. Essay Example Discuss the Caretaker as A Comedy of Menace. Essay Discuss the Caretaker as A Comedy of Menace. Essay Essay Topic: House Of Mirth The Caretaker generally followed a pattern: the brilliance of the actors was celebrated and the questions of influence, primarily Becketts, were linked to discussions of the relationship between the comic and serious elements in the play. Interpretations of the meaning varied from the literal to the fully allegorical, by way of generalized abstract tags. Subsequent academic criticism, deriving from textual study rather than stage performance, has early always followed the serio-tragical-symbolical-abstract line- what we might call Modern Man in Search of His Insurance Cards, or, I stink. Therefore I am. The comedy of The Caretaker is not a dispensable palliative. To discuss meaning without taking this into account is to distort the play as a whole and devalue its achievement. The combination of the comic and the serious, laughter and silence, is often deeply disturbing for art audience: but only in confronting it can we begin to understand the play. For one member of the audience, at least, the relationship between the comic and the serious elements was unacceptable. Leonard Russell, the Sunday Times book reviewer, recorded his impressions of a performance at the Duchess Theatre in an open letter to Harold Pinter: I will go so far as to admit that I found it a strangely menacing and disturbing evening. It was also a highly puzzling evening; and here I refer not to the play but to the behaviour of the audience. On the evening I was present a large majority had no doubt at all that your special contribution to the theatre is to take a heartbreaking themes and treat it facially. Gales of happy, persistent, and, it seemed to me, totally indiscriminate laughter greeted a play which I lake to be, for all its funny moments, a tragic reading of life. May, I ask this question- are you yourself happy with the atmosphere of rollicking good fun? Pinters reply is such crucial importance for an understanding of the play: Your question is not an easy one to answer. Certainly I laughed myself while writing The Caretaker, but not all the time, not indiscriminately. An element of the absurd is, I think, one of the features of the play, but at the same time I did not intend it to be merely a laughable force. If there hadnt been other issues at stake the play would not have been written. Audience reaction cant be regulated, and no one would want it to be; nor is it easy to analyses. But where the comic and tragic (for want of a better word) are closely interwoven, certain members of an audience will always give emphasis to the comic as opposed to the other, for by so doing they rationalize the other out of existence. On most evenings at the Duchess there is a sensible balance of laughter and silence. Where, though, this indiscriminate mirth is found. I feel it represents a cheerful patronage of the characters on the part of the merrymakers, and thus participating is avoided. This laughter is in fact a mode of precaution, a smoke-screen, a refusal to accept what is happening as recognizable (which I think it is) and instead to view the actors (a) as actors always and not as characters and (b) as chimpanzees. From this kind of neasy jollification I must, of cause, dissociate myself, thought I do think you were unfortunate in your choice of evening. As far as Im concerned, The Caretaker is funny, up to a point. Beyond that point it ceases to be funny, and it was because of that point that I wrote it. Pinters letter is an essential starting point for discussion of the play. Adequate criticism must be based on a recognition of both the comic and tragic elements compounded in the paralleled process of stage performance and audience response. Out emotional reaction of laughter or silence complements what happens on stage. Both actors and audience create a structure of feeling that the play has in its living moment, as Pinter puts it. The point where The Caretaker ceases to be funny must be found within the movement of the play itself and within the emotional complex of our participation. In order to do so, I wasnt to focus not so much on the physical structure which is relatively straight forward but rather on the structure of feeling, the emotional rhythm of laughter and silence which culminates in the arrested tension of both. Rather than follow the tendency to generalise from paraphrase and thereby lose the essential drama, one must examine certain passages in order to bring out the deeply sensitive psychological insight that lies behind Pinters plain statement. Deeply Sensitive Psychological Insight When the curtain rises, Mick shares the activity of the audience. He slowly looks about The Room looking at each object in turn. He looks up at the ceiling, and stares at the bucket. Then he brazenly separates himself from the audience. Ceasing, he sits quite still, expressionless, looking out front. Silence for thirty seconds. Mick then leaves upon hearing muffled voices. This silent enigma is in dramatic contrast to the end of the play. At the outset Mick, in effect, rejects the audience by walking offstage after a protracted silence, while at the close it is Davies who is left onstage rejected by the audience insofar as we recognize that he must go. But this formal, inverted symmetry is recognised retrospe ctively. Micks silence and departure stays as a qualm, leaving a question behind the laughter that is immediate. Astons opening invitation to Davies to sit down is manifestly frustrated by the evident disorder of the attic. As Aston sorts out a chair, Davies breaks into the first of so many complaints: Sit down? Huh I havent had a good sit down I havent had a proper sit down well, I couldnt tell you Ten minutes off for a tea-break in the middle of the night in that place and I can’t find a seat, not one. All those Greeks had it, Poles, Greeks, Blacks, the lot of them, all them aliens had it. And they had me working there they had me working All them Blacks had it, Blacks, Greeks, Poles, the lot of them thats what, doing me out of a seat, treating me like dirt. When he come at me tonight I told him Daviess categorical discriminations (sit down good sit down proper sit down) express the degree of deprivation that he feels he has suffered. His present gratitude is deflected and finally demolished by recrimination directed at the immediate past. An aggrieved sense of active and collective discourtesy by default is magnified to a major injustice; it is as if the merely adventitious revealed the latent injustice of victimization as a permanent condition of the world. As so often in comedy a mundane occurrence is given an unwarrantedly inflated significance. Daviess bigotry, aggravated by constitutional self-righteous defensiveness, evidently distorts whatever really happened, and as a consequence we laugh rather than sympathize. The insistent repetition inadvertently suggest that, on the one hand, it is both the multi-racial conditions of work and work itself that has pained Davies, and on the other that his appeal is in part determined by a bit of tobacco coming his way: as Aston begins to roll himself a cigarette. Davies watches him. This initial comedy continues to develop in the ever widening gap between the intentions of Daviess speech and its effect on the audience. Daviess Tramplike Appearance and Mannerisms Even before he speaks Daviess tramp-like appearance has prompted a certain predisposition in the audience. Socially, tramps are at an inferior extreme, and their condition precludes a normative response by definition. Reactions to tramps are nearly always compounded of fear, distaste, embarrassment, seeming indifference, or a degree of sympathy arising from unconscious self-reproach at our own well-being. Whatever feeling predominates depends upon the tramps behaviour on a scale from abasement to aggression. Abasement invites individual, summary charity as a token of Societys larger responsibility for victims of circumstance. Aggression (like Daviess), though frightening on actual encounter, ultimately prompts laughter in the dramatic representation of self-determined viciousness. The transformation of the actual into the dramatic, the street into the theatre, the individual into audience, brings with it the laughter of relief. Before taking a seat, winded by climbing the stairs, Davies must loosen himself up. He exclaims loudly, punches downward with closed fist crying, I could have got done in down there. There is no book and Daviess evidently exaggerated claim is undermined even further by comic colloquialism. The stance of retrospective pugilism suggests a purely mimetic valour. It is clear that the combination of self-assertion and self-deception creates for Davies a fiction to live by. But although the imperatives of his existence have confounded fiction and fact, the distinction is evident to the audience throughout. Aston immediately offers Davies a roll-up but he replies: What? No, no. I never smoke a cigarette Ill tell you what, though, Ill have bit of that tobacco there for my pipe, if you like Thats kind of you, mister. Just enough to fill my pipe, thats all. I had a tin, only only a while ago. But it was knocked off. It was knocked off on the Great West Road. Daviess refusal of the roll-up is reinforced by a categorical statement similar to the earlier example which expresses both the certainty of negative choice and yet an alternative possibility in the suggestion of a latent discrimination. His initial question- What? - is a response to Astons putative motive and means; Davies is rejecting what he feels may be charity but offering to accept Astons tobacco in terms of his own positive preference for the more socially acceptable pipe, all the time leaving the actual decision to Aston. Daviess acknowledged indebtedness is modified by the subsequent etiquette. His self-conscious moderation forestalls any charge of excess, establishing his action as a gen tle manly custom rather than revealing a condition of permanent dependence. The closing anecdote is intended to alter the action of giving and receiving into a form of indirect restitution. A similar rationalisation takes place later in the act when Davies accepts a few bob from Aston: Thank you, thank you, good luck. I just happen to find myself a bit short. You see, I got nothing for all that weeks work I did last week. Thats the position, thats what it is. Though retrospective criticism of this nature articulates the ironies of Daviess gesture and utterance, the immediacy of the audiences experience registers this emotively, responding to the comic moment which is immediately fulfilled when Aston fails to corroborate Daviess revision of his misfortune. You heard me tell him, didnt you? Davies asks, Aston replies I saw him have a go at you, forcing him to attempt to draw sympathy by reference to age, Go at me? You wouldnt grumble. The filthy skate an old man like me. But here Daviess aggressive demotic ironically pre-empts the response he seeks, while the claim that breathlessly follows- Ive had dinner with the best- incites the broadest laughter with its blatant i mprobability. Aston, with a neutral imperturbability that promotes our laughter even further, refuses to comply and calmly repeats himself, Yes, I saw him have a go at you. Daviess only recourse is to recall his persona! standards to bolster his present judgments: All them toe-rags, mate, got the manners of pigs. I might have been on the road a few years but you can take it from me Im clean. I keep myself up. Thats why I left my wife. Fortnight after I married her, no, not so much as that, no more than a week, I took the lid off a saucepan, you know what was in it? A pile of her underclothing, unwashed. The pan for vegetables, it was. The vegetable pan. Thats when I left her and I havent seen her since. Davies has no apparent sense that such demonstrative probity is so farcically disproportionate that it cancels what it claims. Following Daviess earlier revision of events, this exaggeration suggests that what we hear is a ludicrous distortion of whatever may have happened. The indis criminately vulgar language of the opening- All them toe-rags, mate, got the manners of pigs- burlesques the posture of arbiter of decorum which it protects. Immediately following this, Davies describes the row in the cafe. While laiming proper respect due to an old man, if a few years younger he would break in half that Scotch git. All the socially regulative values Davies claims- dignity, respect, propriety, decorum- are confounded by the language and gesture of a caricatured ethic more appropriate to an anti-social wild animal, as Mick later describes him. In short Daviess comic character is founded on a total travesty of the mode of being to which he aspires. The pathos of his deprivation is made comic with the citation of a public lavatory attendant as a promoter of a personal hygiene. Vast significance is given to the quotidian- Shoes? Its life and death to me, man, Daviess scale of values inverts the normative values of the audience, accustomed to more abstract priorities, which remain unquestioned since Davies cannot be taken seriously. We reason not the need when it is rendered in comic picaresque. Elaborating on his need for footwear, Davies launches into the celebrated tale of the quest to the Luton monastery. A ‘bastard monk, the representative of a holy order, warns the suppliant, if you dont piss off Ill kick you all the way to the gate. As Davies expands on his misfortunes, mounting audience laughter accompanies each incident, culminating in applause at the close of the story. And with applause action is temporarily suspended. For a few crucial seconds the actor is divorced on the character as the audience celebrates a comic performance. The reality of whatever happened in Luton is subverted by characteristically jaundiced aggression which is transferred to the monk, dramatically evoking laughter rather than sympathy. Therefore, Davies as a credible being struggles not only with Aston and Mick, but with the theatrically formalised predisposition of the audience, a predisposition to see Davies as a type, a brilliantly embodied act, at best a tramp, but hardly an individual Shortly after the Luton story, the anecdote of Sidecup and the papers consolidates this. Davies insists that the Side up papers prove who I am They tell you who I am, but we know he will never collect those chimerical documents of fifteen years ago. Lack of shoes, or bad weather, or something else will always intervene. His re-assumption of a past bureaucratic identity could not alter what he is. It is being a tramp which has shaped his body and soul, and not the fact that he is called Bernard Jenkins rather than Mac Davies. Every utterance and every gesture he makes denote a class rather than an individual, dialect subsumes idiolect. Davies is finally no more than his languge and appearance- and this is how Mick encounters him at the end of the first act. Micks Insight It is as if throughout most of Act I Mick has been listening in, since he shows an uncanny insight into Daviess character. In this sense Mick is almost a representative of the audience, knowing, sardonically, as much as they know. On the other hand Mick knows his Davieses as he knows his London, but he expresses it indirectly in terms of Astons behaviour: Mick: He doesn’t work. (Pause) Davies: Go on! Mick: No, he just doesnt like work, thats his trouble. Davies: Ay. Mick: Hes just shy of it. Very shy of it Davies: I know that sort. Mick: You know the type. At the end of Act: Mick immediately recognises Daviess work-shy type, and his first words, Whats the game ? are really the later statement, I know what you want, put in the form of a question. Comic Relief It has been shown by Peter Davison that Micks first two speeches derive in form from the traditional music-hall monologue. As such, alongwith something like the bag-passing game, they border on the farcical. But there is more to them than this. In laughing at the combination of the ludicrous, the grotesque and the improbable, the audience join s Mick in laughing at Davies. In other words, Mick provides the relief of a new comic perspective which enlists the audience on its side. At this point the verbal slapstick seems almost innocuous: You remind me of my uncles brother. He was always on the move, that man. Never without his passport. Had an eye for the girls. Very much your build. Bit of an athlete. Long-jump specialist. He had a habit of demonstrating different run-ups in the drawing-room round about Christmas time. Had a penchant for nuts. Thats what it was. Nothing else but a penchant. Couldnt eat enough of them. Peanuts, walnuts, brazil nuts, monkey nuts, wouldnt touch a piece of fruit cake. Had a marvelous stop-watch. Picked it up in Hong Kong. The day after they chucked him out of the Salvation Army. Used to go in number four for Beckenham Reserves. That was before he got his Gold Medal. Had a funny habit of carrying his fiddle on his back. Like a papoose. I think there was a bit of the red Indian in him. To be honest, Ive often thought that may be it was the other way round. I mean that my uncle was his brother and may be he was my uncle. But I never called him uncle. As a matter of fact I called him Sid. My mother called him Sid too. It was a funny business. Your spilling image he was. Married a Chinaman and went to Jamaica. In spite of its seeming inconsequentiality this speech manifestly says a lot about Davies, Mick and Aston on a naturalistic and psychological level. Micks sardonic delivery expresses at once both discursive doubt and impatience with the conversation game and a sadistic playfulness. The verbal barrage parallels the earlier arm-twisting: verbal intimidation follows physical domination. Mick is equally dexterous at both. What Mick is really saying behind the formal obliquity of his narrative is this- I recognized your sort, a tramp (always on the move), with your story of papers (never without his passport), your ridiculous physical posturing (Bit of an athlete), thrown out of a monastery (they chucked him out of the Salvation Army) of questionable background (a bit of the Red Indian in him), now mixed up with my brother (Ive never made out of how he came to be my uncles brother), why dont you clear off (married a Chinaman and went to Jamaica). But at the same time Mick is deflecting a suppressed view of his own brother that is forced into his mind by the fact of Daviess presence: my brother (You remind me of my uncles brother) has picked up this nut (had a penchant or nuts), he must be nutty as a fruit cake (wouldnt touch a piece of fruit cake). Micks feelings only emerge eventually by way of his surrogate; Davies whose exclamation Hes nutty! enables Mick to savour the suppressed, emotionally forbidden, work: Nutty? Whos nutty? (Pause). Did you call my brother nutty? My brother. Micks second speech is also something more than an exercise in intimidation. It is a comically indirect way of elaborating on what is implicit: the foreignness of Davies. The indigenous Mick ironically compares the indigent Davies with a fellow Londoner. Micks irony is sharpened by his reflection on the sense of difference felt by a working-class North Londoner for those from south of the Thames. When I got to know him I found out he was brought up in Putney. That didnt make any difference to me. The bloke, after all, was born in the Caledonian Road, just before you get to the Nags Head. Micks North London references are to neighboring localities linked by bus routes at the centre of which is the blocks old mum still living at the Angel. Mick evokes neighbourhood, pub and home- the self-advertisement of a particular kind of Londoner recognising an outsider and reminding him of the fact. By contrast, Davies lonely wandering existence is reflected by sporadic, peripheral references to places outside of London proper (Sidcup, Luton, Watford, Wembley) and to past friends: I used to know a bookmaker in Acton. He was a good mate to me. Whereas Micks two speeches are littered with familial terms (uncle, brother, mother, cousin). Daviess anecdotes suggest that over the years, in all of London between Luton and Sidcup, only two encounters have ever led to friendship- and both friendships of a dubious kind. The style and delivery of Micks speeches suggest the amateur comedian at home in pub, club or family; Davies is only a solitary tramp stranded somewhere on the Great West R oad or the North Circular, an anomaly. But all these serious undertones are checked by a sense of game. Micks interrogation of Davies is deliberately punctured by straight music-hall cross-talk: Mick: Thats my bed Davies: What about that, then Mick: Thats my mother’s bed. Davies: Well she wasnt in it last night! Even when Mick rounds on Davies in this third long speech. Youre stinking the place out. Youre an old robber, theres no getting away from it. Youre an old skate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. - the serious force of his charges is tempered, firstly by his appropriation of Daviess language (filthy skate, and secondly, by an extended parody of the conditions of tenancy and purchase. Between an outline of costs and recommendation of Aston as decorator. Mick threatens Otherwise Ive got a van outside, I can run you to the police station in five minutes, have you in for trespassing, loitering with intent, daylight robbery, filching, thieving and stinking the place out. Amusing to the audience, this exaggeration is frightening to Davies since the language parallels his own exaggerated sense of persecution. The ludicrous magnification of the obligations, commitments and penalties of legal responsibility in buying a house is a humorous reminder to the audience of an often exhaustingly protracted business, but to Davies it is a manifestation of a bureaucratic world that excludes him. Mick makes the point in his repeated final question Who do your bank with? This complex verbal humour is accentuated by the visual comedy. Throughout the act Davies has been on stage without his trousers, in his long pants, and Mick emphasizes the fact by flicking Daviess trousers in his face- several times. This is then followed, almost immediately, by one of the oldest plays in the slapstick repertoire, the bag-passing game with its knockabout sequence reversal. Threat and menace are conflated in Micks speeches and the bag-passing game is almost wholly funny (but not merely funny, since the same symbolises the way in which Davies himself passes from brother to brother). Then, with the terrifying attack in darkness and the succeeding revelation that it is Mick merely spring cleaning with an electrolux, violence and laughter are powerfully juxtaposed. Thus Pinter exploits different kinds of comedy in a cumulative and structured way: comedy of character is established in Act I and then extended by music-hall monologue and broad farce in Act II. Comedy of language, gesture and action is then allowed to build up to the moment when it is dramatically arrested by Astons long, painful account of treatment in a mental hospital, and the events leading up to it. Astons speech has always been recognized as a major moment in the movement of the play, but its full significance has not been adequately discussed. Astons Behaviour John Russell Brown has pointed out the correspondences between Astons hospital treatment and his present behaviour. He underwent electrical treatment and now fiddles obsessively with electrical equipment: he has a white coat, a pillow and a sheet at the ready: the uncovered light bulb glares down; he stares smilingly over Davies in bed. Brown also points out that Aston did go back to place like the cafe and did talk to strangers again- namely Davies- and suggests that the impetus for this was two-hold. Aston is haunted by revenge and somehow sees his own role as a caretaker of Davies. These are all important points, but need to be taken further. Aston refers to the piles of papers he was shown as medical evidence: Davies refers to the piles of papers kept in the attic. Aston says that the window of his hospital room was barred; the indications are that the attic window was kept open even before Daviess malodorous entry. Aston spent five hours sawing at the bars, and is now preoccupied with saws, ostensibly to carry out the building work. He recognises that in cafe and factory he talked too much, and his long speech is a chilling reminder that he still does. What does all this add up to? Surely the commonly accepted notion of Astons charity in taking in Davies is called a question here. Rather than a disinterested act deriving from an impulse or conviction of moral duty and thus a token of his social rehabilitation it is part of the irreparable damage brought about by his sufferings. Astons charity is a way of simultaneously vindicating himself and impugning those who have harmed him. Davies is there in the attic because of Astons psychology, not because of his ethics: Aston sees. Davies as a version of himself. Astons recollections of the glass of Guinness and the lady in the cafe indicate his continuing disorientation. Both these speeches occur after pauses and have no relation to what precedes them and both after pauses and have no relation to what precedes them, and both contrast forcefully with Astons previous reticence. As conversational gambits they are disastrously bizarre; it is almost as if of an interior monologue has suddenly come to the surface. The preoccupation of Aston and Davies are psychological treadmills imprisoning each in his mutually exclusive world. For Aston to work on the house he needs to clear the garden for a shed. To build the shed on the house he needs to clear the garden for a saw bench, is needed for the shed. Davies, to sort himself out needs his papers at Sidcup. To get to Sidcup he needs good shoes, to get good shoes he needs, money, to get money he needs his papers to sort himself out Both minds have been numbed by the different experiences of being on the road and being in a mental hospital: both are reduced to a preoccupation with the physical function of hands and feet. With Astons speech the laughter ceases. And there is no caretaker for them. The audience is silenced and confounded as the darkness grows. Comic Tableau As Act III opens, and before anything is said, Davies is seen in a comic tableau, pipe in hand and incongruously garbed in a smoking jacket. Here, after the strain of confronting the nature of Astons being, we are at last allowed the relief of laughter. But when Davies speaks, although his concerns seem much the same (the gas stove, blacks, shoes, etc. ) his continual reference to Aston compromise and complicate our response. At this point as subjective coefficient of guilt rises in us, deriving in part from our former complicity with Mick (now more evidently working on his strategy of expulsion) and in part from laughing at Astons expense. Whereas earlier Davies seemed self-determining and thus responsible for what he is, he now seems more like a plaything being used by Mick for certain questionable ends. The serious and the comic are now much more, forcefully counter pointed. Micks dry-mock is still there (You must come up and have a drink something. Listen to some Tchaikovsky and Daviess procrastination, although now invidiously ungrateful, is still lightened to pure comedy (the only way to keep a pair of shoes on, if you havent got no laces, is to tighten the foot, see? But Daviess response to Micks evocation of a penthouse palace- What about me? - gives voice to the inevitable question at the heart of the situation. Micks All this junk here, its no good to anyone, is much less casual than it seems. Davies as, part of the junk, will obviously have to go, and we recognise it. Mick obliquely incites Daviess verbal attack on Aston by giving voice to what the tramp has felt from the outset. Daviess real feelings in surveying the attic are compromised by the fact that Aston has rescued him. As a consequence Davies says the opposite of what he feels: Davies: This your room? Aston: Yes. Davies: You got a good bit of stuff here. Aston: Yes. Davies: Must be worth a few bob, this put it all together. (Pause) Theres enough of it. Aston: Theres a good bit of it, all right. Davies: You sleep here, do you? Aston: Yes. Davies: What, in that? Similarly, Micks pointed summary not only places Davies as part of the rubbish and simultaneously predisposed him to attack Aston, but gives utterance to that protracted stare at the opening of the play: All this junk here, its no good to anyone. Its just a lot of old iron, thats all Clobber. Davies Opportunistic Nastiness Davies echoes this in his viciously prolonged attack on Aston as an irresponsible lunatic, all this junk I got to sleep with this lousy filthy hole. Daviess contemptible vilification is emotionally complex for an audience. If it confirms our opinion, of Daviess opportunist nastiness and strengthen our impulse to reject him as wholly objectionable, at the same time it provides almost a release for our strained protective feelings towards Aston. The opening lines of the speech continue Daviess exaggerated sense of comic victimisation made ludicrous by disproportionate expectation: Its getting so freezing in here I have to keep my trousers on to go to bed. I never done that before in my life. But thats what I got to do here. Just because you wont put in any bleeding heating! We may derive a temporary sense of relief in what follows by intellectually assessing the circularity of Daviess charge- Aston is lunatic because he is irresponsible and irresponsible because he is lunatic- and even maintain our distance when Davies claim the friendship and kindred opinion of Mick. But this relief is completely shattered as Davies sadistically baits Aston with the prospect of renewed electrical treatment. As the emoti on rises both in Davies and the audience it is, paradoxically, both undercut and heightened by localised London slang: Theyd take one look at all this junk I got to sleep with theyd know you were a creamer. Davies charges Aston with what, in all probability, has been levelled at him, acreamer. It is almost funny as an unexpected synonym for the more current nutcase, but at the same time more insidiously mocking for Aston, since Davies uses the highly specific argot of Astons own background. Yet even at this point we are tempted to laugh as Daviess expression gets more and more Welsh in self-righteous anger: You want me to do all the dirty work all up and down them stairs just so I can sleep in this lousy filthy hole every night? Not me, boy. Not for your, boy. But the idioms that provoke laughter also arrest it: Youre up the creek! Youre half off! Our awareness of the possibility of this being true checks our natural tendency to respond humorously to figurative exaggeration. Daviess subsequent question Whoever saw you slip me a few bob? Simultaneously recalls Astons kindness in doing just that, and predisposes the audience to take up a defensive position, on Astons behalf, against Daviess final callousness- I never been inside a nuthouse! Even here, the colloquially derisive reduction makes us want to laugh, as we have laughed at the peremptory idiom of Micks attack on Davies. But as Davies draws his knife on ominous silence supervenes. This tableau recalls Davies ineptitude in threatening Mick earlier, and Aston finally breaks the tension with a delayed understatement that is totally deflating: I think its about time you found somewhere else. I dont think were hitting it off! This is precisely what Mick has been worming towards. He could have thrown Davies out whenever he liked, but he has waited two weeks for Aston to see through Daviess character. Mick has promoted the exposure in order that Aston will see and feel as he does. The usual interpretation of Mick and Astons relationship- that there is an unspoken bond of brotherly love between them- is really rather naive and sentimental. Mick smashes the Buddha to pieces out of a frustrated rage that derives from his suppressed acknowledgement of the truth of Daviess previous accusation (Hes nutty), and his subsequent passionate outburst is a wilful attempt to see Astons condition in terms of his failure to decorate the house, rather than in terms of what lies beneath it. To have thrown Davies out would have been a tacit admission that Aston was a lunatic to have brought him there in the first place. (Perhaps Davies wasnt the first? ) Mick and Aston In other words, Micks obligation to his brother is formal rather than affective. Micks character- tough, sardonic, worldly-wise- is similar to that of the people in the cafe and the factory who found Aston funny and were instrumental in having him put away. Like his mother and the doctor, Mick wants Aston to live like the others. He understands Davies so well because they both have a kind of bureaucratic view of the world. They both see human activity in terms of status conferred by institutions that regulate society (social security, solicitors, etc). Whereas the Buddha for Aston was an example of something well made, for Mick it embodies all that he cannot face in his brother- the inscrutable, the passive, and the alien. But, in tarring over the roof Aston is learning to take over of himself, in Micks term. At the opening of the play the suspended bucker focuses for Mick his brothers condition as he understands it, and their only exchange in Act II concerns the problem of tarring over the leaking roof. As Act III opens, Davies contemplates Astons silence in terms of his single activity of doing the job (ironically this anticipates his own expulsion). This small task signalises that Aston will comply with Micks view of things, a complicity dramatized by the taint smile they exchange towards the close. Mick smiles in recognition of what he sees as his rightness in paying off Davies, and Aston smiles back conceding the fact- his last words to Davies were Get your stuff. Davies must go, however plangent his appeal: What am I going to do?. Where am I going to go. The pauses between each utterance are lengthened into the long silence of the final stage direction. Aston turns back to the window, remains still, his back to him, at the window, but we are faced with Daviess concrete questioning presence. We are forced here to confront not only what laughter has created but also what laughter has suppressed. The repetitions of Davies language echo those moments of comedy which are now stifled by the specter of destitution. Daviess need for material items has created moments of high comedy, but the serious moral implications of such subsistence culminate in those questions. The material, social and cultural privileges that presuppose our presence in the theatre are indices of the totality of Daviess deprivation. Throughout the play Davies has been the object of the solidarity of laughter, but now the audience itself is exposed in its own silence before him. The possibilities of food, shelter and warmth are now to be replaced by the possibilities of hunger, cold and exposure, intimation of which have been present all along (I could have died on the road, Davies says at one point. Was this the substance of his nightmares? ). The harsh regimen of the doss-house has been evoked earlier in Daviess hurried attempt to forestall what he knows must happen as the rule of each daybreak: Dont you want me to get out. Rhythm of the Play The points where the laughter spasmodically ceases are obvious enough in the rhythm of the play. These dramatic moments correspond psychologically to the point in each of us where conflicting impulses and vestigial atavism and ostensible civility meet. We experience in The Caretaker the Hobbesian triumph of superior of laughter ovger inferior objects and ludicrousness transforms the socially embarrassing. But beneath this is the self-protective impulse to remove what is psychologically painful. Just as children laugh at (and thus exorcise) the sight of physical deformity, so we react to Daviess warped morality- all the time expecting him to ask for our compassion. But Davies remains intransigent, he does not offer us the adult compromise of compassion. In our laughter there stirs an uneasy atavism which grows in proportion as Daviess nastiness increases. We cannot finally accept Davies on his own terms- as he is. He has to be either killed off by our laughter, or transformed by the tragic dignity of self-awareness. Our emotional expectations are in part shaped by dramatic convention. Davies must be either contemptible or pitiful, a comic vice exposed in laughter, or, by token of some redemptive self-insight, an ultimately traffic figure. But he is actually neither, and this is what is almost too painful. In the theatre adult emotions are customarily channeled into a comforting species of self-protective compassion. Pinter refuses to provide this. Initially Pinter felt that there would have to be a death at the end of the play, but it is clear that this would have only provided another kind of emotional release- and evasion. Pinter not only dropped this notion but in revision, chose to stress the ineluctable concrete actuality of Davies there, before us: resistant to allegory, abstraction, and moral formula. Here, in the long silence, no longer so much an audience as a disparate assembly of individuals which includes Davies, we are forced to confront the limits of our human response, the edges of emotional vulnerability, the barriers of social ordinance that join and divide us all. This is our participation, and this is where the point of laughter and silence, as Pinters letter reminds us, both begins and ends. Bibliography: http://plays. about. com/od/playwrights/a/pinter. htm

The argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

The argument - Essay Example On the one hand, it is rather necessary to consider increasing the minimum age of a driving license holder from 16 to 17. This is because this action can significantly reduce the number of accidents in the roads. According to various researchers, numerous accidents are attributed by the young drivers on the roads. This is a clear indication that raising the minimum age of obtaining a driving license to 17 years would immensely lead to a reduction of the road accidents (Jacobs 29). In fact, the young drivers are usually inexperienced and under-developed cognitively hence, as teenagers they have a higher probability of being involved in automobile accidents. These young drivers should also be involved in more hours of practice with the licensed drivers in order to prevent the countless deaths that are caused by accidents. From a mathematical perspective, the raise in the minimum age would amount to less road users. This clearly asserts that the numerous road accidents will also be decreased substantially. According to various psychologists, the mindset of most young drivers is not fully mature until when the individual hits the 20’s. Thus, increasing the minimum age of the drivers can be considered as a vast step in improving road safety. Statistics assert that most of the road users in numerous countries are approximately ages 16 to 24 (Jacobs 32). The lack of experience and responsibility in this age group has led to a radical change in road transportation. This is because most of these individuals are faced with the dangers of reckless driving, drinking under the influence of drugs among other conditions. Most of the individuals in this age group are victims of drug abuse, which affects road safety. For example, when such individuals drive under the influence of drugs, there is a high probability that they can cause accidents. This endangers the lives of other innocent road users including the pedestrians and other motorists who

Research Bibliography Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bibliography - Research Paper Example Visual arts and film studies is a broad body of knowledge that requires adequate research in a variety of fields. Several scholars in the field of visual arts and film studies have wrote useful research books that can be used for comprehensive studies. Francisco Goya is among the scholars who have made a great contribution in the field of visual arts and film studies. A critical analysis of his works portrays a cognitive combination of various artistic features aimed at broadening the reader’s mind in analyzing artistic aspects. Francisco Goya developed the los Caprichos, which comprise of 80 sets of prints put out as an album (Goya, 50). Francisco’s works are organized as an artistic experiment tailored to picture the flaws in the knowledge base of the Spanish society, a place he spent much of his time. Francisco elaborated the issue of dominance of superstition in the society, high level of ignorance, defective leadership approach, and marital slipups. Generally, his works can be described as depicting since they are concerned with outlining misconceptions that are evident in any civilized society. In essence, most of his works point out deceptive features in the society such as ignorance, self-interest by leaders, and unclear means of acquiring wealth. For the purpose of studying various aspects of visual arts and film studies, we can focus on the fourth series of Francisco’s artistic genre. The series is a critique of the practices experienced in the 18th century in the Spanish society and the human race at large. Francisco uses a unique informal style of writing to convey crucial information regarding the contemporary society and people behavior. His style of presenting ideas laid a foundation for quality print production for future generations. From studying the works of Francisco Goya, people understood that information can be passed through prints and animation. In addition, blending color with a combination of